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GridMind: LLMs-Powered Agents for Power System Analysis and Operations
The complexity of traditional power system analysis workflows presents significant barriers to efficient decision-making in modern electric grids. This paper presents GridMind, a multi-agent AI system that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) with deterministic engineering solvers to enable conversational scientific computing for power system analysis. The system employs specialized agents coordinating AC Optimal Power Flow and N-1 contingency analysis through natural language interfaces while maintaining numerical precision via function calls. GridMind addresses workflow integration, knowledge accessibility, context preservation, and expert decision-support augmentation. Experimental evaluation on IEEE test cases demonstrates that the proposed agentic framework consistently delivers correct solutions across all tested language models, with smaller LLMs achieving comparable analytical accuracy with reduced computational latency. This work establishes agentic AI as a viable paradigm for scientific computing, demonstrating how conversational interfaces can enhance accessibility while preserving numerical rigor essential for critical engineering applications.
Executive Impact
GridMind delivers transformative impacts across key operational metrics for modern power grids.
Deep Analysis & Enterprise Applications
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GridMind employs a multi-agent architecture that demonstrates how agentic AI can orchestrate complex scientific computing workflows. The core innovation of GridMind lies in our multi-agent orchestration approach, where specialized agents handle different aspects of power system analysis while maintaining coherent conversations and shared analytical context. The system comprises specialized agents working in coordination: (1) ACOPF agent, which specializes in economic scheduling of power systems and power flow analysis, (2) CA agent, which focuses on T-1 reliability assessment and critical element identification, (3) agent coordinator that manages inter-agent communication, context sharing, and complex multi-step analyses, and (4) planner agent analyzes user requests to determine appropriate agent assignment and workflow coordination.
The interface is a thin front door: you type intent; the agents quietly parse it, plan a minimal sequence, call deterministic numerical solvers, check the numbers, and reply—no ad-hoc scripts. The agent handles intent and entity extraction (e.g., case id, buses, MW changes, outage scope) and sketches a compact plan. It then orchestrates typed tool calls for ACOPF, topology or load edits, and contingency sweeps, then layers validation: convergence flags, power balance tolerance, operating limits, and sanity checks on modified elements. A structured context keeps the latest solved state, applied diffs, and cached contingency fragments so only affected layers are recomputed. Every reported number is pulled from stored structured results, making the reply auditable and reproducible with timestamps and call metadata. New analytical tools can be registered with a schema; the planner notices capabilities without refactoring core logic. The result is a deterministic loop—parse, plan, invoke, validate, narrate, persist—that preserves engineering rigor while trimming the friction of multi-step exploratory studies.
Agents collaborate through a single structured, versioned session state capturing: (a) the active network plus incremental diffs (load shifts, outages, parameter edits), (b) validated numerical artifacts (latest feasible ACOPF solution, cached power-flow/per-contingency snapshots), and (c) provenance (solver options, timestamps, tool versions, validation flags). After a solve, the ACOPF agent deposits a typed ACOPFSolution (dispatch, objective cost, losses, voltage extrema, branch loadings, constraint margins) instead of only prose. The CA agent inspects freshness against the diff log to decide whether it can reuse that base point or must trigger a selective re-solve. Cross-agent transfer is strictly schema-bound (ACOPFSolution, ContingencyResultSet) so planning references concrete fields (e.g., base_objective_cost, min_voltage_pu, max_thermal_loading) and avoids hallucination. Each outage evaluation is cached under a composite key (case + outage + diff hash); criticality ranking streams those cached records to detect recurring overload corridors or voltage depressions and writes back ranked justifications as structured data plus a derived human summary. A normalized change log appends every modification; agents replay only relevant diffs to reconstruct required state. Session persistence serializes baseline, diffs, artifacts, contingency cache, and rankings for seamless resumption. This disciplined produce-validate-consume loop lets compound requests (“solve, assess T-1 risk, rank reinforcements”) execute efficiently, coherently, and reproducibly.
GridMind consistently delivers correct solutions, demonstrating robust technical accuracy regardless of the underlying LLM.
Enterprise Process Flow
| Model | Success Rate | Execution Time (s) |
|---|---|---|
| GPT-5 | 100% | Variable (often > 10s) |
| GPT-5 Mini | 100% | Fastest (often < 10s) |
| GPT-5 Nano | 100% | Fastest (often < 10s) |
| GPT-04 Mini | 100% | Variable (often > 10s) |
| GPT-03 | 100% | Fastest (often < 10s) |
| Claude 4 Sonnet | 100% | Variable (often > 10s) |
Smaller LLMs like GPT-5 Mini and GPT-03 achieve comparable analytical accuracy with significantly reduced computational latency for ACOPF tasks.
Case Study: Contingency Analysis Agent
Problem: Evaluating system reliability under T-1 outages for each transmission element, identifying critical lines.
Approach: CA agent calculates power flow for base case, then iteratively applies identified contingencies. Uses LLM reasoning to synthesize structured solver outputs (line loading percentages, voltage deviations, load curtailment) into ranked critical transmission elements.
Results: Most models identified the same critical transmission lines and achieved identical maximum overload percentages (137%). GPT-5 Mini showed a slightly different approach, identifying a higher maximum overload (165%), suggesting unique analytical capabilities.
Impact: Transforms brute-force T-1 enumeration into interactive diagnostics, providing auditable narratives and actionable recommendations for capacity reinforcement or reactive support.
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Your Implementation Roadmap
A structured approach ensures a seamless transition and rapid value realization.
Phase 01: Discovery & Strategy
In-depth analysis of current workflows, system integrations, and business objectives to tailor GridMind for maximum impact.
Phase 02: Integration & Customization
Seamless integration with existing power system solvers and data sources, custom agent development, and fine-tuning for specific operational needs.
Phase 03: Training & Rollout
Comprehensive training for your team, pilot program implementation, and phased rollout to ensure user adoption and smooth transition.
Phase 04: Optimization & Support
Continuous performance monitoring, agent refinement, and dedicated support to evolve GridMind capabilities with your growing demands.
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